Conducted , May 2013
DECLARATION
I
Joachim NKURIKIYUMUKIZA , declare that the work realized in this project ,presented in the “Audio
Documentary (AD)” is my original work and has not been presented for any academic qualification .
I
thus declare that this work is mine under the supervisor of Joseph NJUGUNA,
Director of the School of Journalism and Communication, the Lecturer in the
school at The National University of Rwanda (NUR).
Signed,
Researcher:
Joachim
NKURIKIYUMUKIZA
Date:
………./…………./……….
Supervisor:
Joseph
NJUGUNA
Date:…………/……………../………….
DEDICATION
To the almighty God,
To my parents:
To
my Mother who did her best to keep me
studying up to the university level but passed away almost at the end of
the battle without seeing the fruits of
her efforts “May she rest in
peace and God bless her!” This research
report is deeply dedicated to her.
To my Brothers and sisters,
To my
relatives,
To my Teachers and Lecturers
This research report is tenderly dedicated to them.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My
thanks go through the following people
for their support and contributions
delivered in order to bring a building stone
to the development of this
research .Without their
considerable support, this work would not have been brought to a success .
First
of all my thanks go through The National
University of Rwanda(NUR), the Faculty of Arts Media and social Sciences
(FAMSS) in the School of Journalism and
Communication (SJC) I thank very much
all lecturers in this School who shared with me knowledge, practical and
theoretical during 4 years .
My
gratitude goes to those who fashioned me to pronounce the vowel “A” I appreciate their hand in making me
who I am today.
My
thanks go to my supervisor Joseph Njuguna respectively Director of the school,
he has put in time and great effort to accomplish this study, he was always
nearby me to help me correct any mistake
appeared in the research. I appreciated
his help.
May
God bless you all!
Joachim
NKURIKIYUMUKIZA
ABSTRACT
This
study was carried out on Nyabugogo bus park locates in Kimisagara sector, Nyarugenge District, Kigali
city. The research is titled “Easing business through efficient transport
system ” the final work was presented in an audio documentary .The research has
the following objectives : To show in an audio documentary the
state of urban transportation precisely Nyabugogo bus park
in business development. To evaluate the perceptions of the people
around this bus park. To analyze the media content about transportation system
in Rwanda .To identify problems and challenges caused by Nyabugogo bus park.To
come up with suggestions and recommendations on how everyday activities in
Nyabugogo taxi Park would be implemented to make it very productive.
The
population of the study included business owners, passengers, drivers,
authorities with responsibities over Nyabugogo bus park .
Nyabugogo
bus park accommodates big number of taxi, it is an arrival and departing place
of crowd of passengers from different regions .These passengers are the main
clients of shops in Nyabugogo. This contributes to the business development in
this area.
The
data were collected using observation and interview the last one was used by
asking questions to the business owners about their prime clients and how they
practice their commercial activities. The way they deal with the big number of
people. The passengers were asked about transport system’s challenges, the way
they access to what they need for direct or indirect consumption.
The
observation focused on movement of cars
and that of passengers their activities. It sought to know the
connection between passengers and business
and was also aiming to give
description of Nyabugogo bus park , its infrastructures, its capacity of
accommodating cars and to know the kind of business applied there around.
Trough
the above techniques, the research showed that Nyabugogo bus park is the area of big commercial activities and
is contributing to new job creation, and is helping many people with law
capital to earn money to survive.
From
this study, the researcher concluded that the park has a great impact on easing
the feasibility of the business , this positive impact may increase
whenever Some challenges like infrastructure which are not equivalent to
the business done there get taken into
consideration.
ACRONYSMS
AND ABBREVIATIONS
RURA:
Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agency
RFTC:
Rwanda Federation Transport Cooperatives
RTDA:
Rwanda Transport Development Agency
RDB:
Rwanda Development Board
AVE:
Alta Velocidad Española
USA: United States of
America
NBDEW:
New Business Development In Eastern Washington
CD:
Compact Disk
EAC:
East African Community
NUR:
National University of Rwanda
FAMSS:
Faculty of Arts Media and Social Sciences
SJC:
School
of Journalism and Communication
ATMs:
Automatic Teller Machines
KCC: Kigali City Council
HTTP:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
CTD:
City’s Transportation Department
LIST
OF TABLES
Table1:
The
design of the observation
Table
2: Interviewed
people and why
Table
3: Activities
inside the bus park
Table
4: Businesses
in few miles from bus park
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………..…….i
DEDICATION
……………………………………………………………………………....…..ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………..….iii
ABSTRACT
………………………………………………………………………………..…...iv
ACRONYSMS
AND ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………..…...v
LIST
OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………...…vi
TABLE
OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………...vii
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Background …………………………………………………………………………....…1
1.1.1
THE FORMAL SITUATION OF NYABUGOGO BUS PARK……………………....1
1.1.2 Description and views of media
about the formal Nyabugogo bus park ………..…….1
1.1.3 NYABUGOGO BUS PARK AFTER GET REPAIRED
……………………………...2
1.1.3.1 Complains of people who held
commercial activities in Kigali centre……….…..….3
1.1.3.2 The side of passengers ………………………..………………………………………3
1.1.4. THE CURRENT SITUATION OF NYABUGOGO
BUS PARK ………….…………3
1.1.5. TRANSPORT SYSTEM WITH BUSINESS
DEVELOPMENT BY
INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ……………………………………………………………...…4
1. 2. Statement of the problem …………………..…………………………………………....5
1.3. The hypothesis of the study …………..………………………………………………….7
1.4. Objective of the study …………………………………………………………………....7
1.5. Research Question ……………………………………………………………………...8
1.6. Significance of the study ………………………………………………………………..8
1.7. Scope of the study ………………………………………………………………………9
1.8. Research methodology ………………………………………………………………….9
1.8.1. Audio recording ……………………………………………………………………….9
1.8.1. Recorder……………………………………………………………………………….9
1.9. Organization of the study ……………………………………………………………….9
CHAPTER
2 .LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ………..10
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW …..………………………………………………………......10
2.1.1. Transport system and business …………………………………………..……………10
2.1.2.
Inefficient transportation increases the costs………………………………………….12
2.1.3 COMMUNICATION AND URBAN
TRANSPORTATION ..……………………….13
2.1.4. MEDIA AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN
RWANDA …………………………….15
2.1.4.1. Description and views of media
about the formal Nyabugogo bus park …..………15
2.1.4.2.
Media content about the current Nyabugogo bus park ……......……………………16
2.1.5. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA CONTENT ABOUT
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
AND BUSNESS ……………………………………………………………………………19
2.1.5.1
.TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT …….....………….19
2.1.5.2 The transport system in the
third world …….………………………………………19
2.1.6. STEPS OF DOCUMENTARY …………………………………………………….....20
2.1.6.1 .Seven steps of documentary ………………………………………………………...20
2.1.7.
TYPES OF DOCUMENTARY ………………………………………………………22
2.1.7.1
SAMPLE OF DOCUMENTARY ABOUT URBAN TRANSPORTATION
WORLWIDE
………………………………………………………………………………23
2.1.7.1.1.
The documentary “beyond the motor city” by the city fix ….…………………...23
2.1.8. RWANDA URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM …….………………………………..24
2.1.8.1 Rwanda transport system since
1995 ……………………………………………….24
2.1.8.2. The current Rwanda transport
system ……………………………………………...25
2.1.9. CONTRIBUTION OF OUR RESEARCH ON
THE ISSUE………………………...26
2.2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………………………………..26
CHAPTER
3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY………………………….....31
3.1.
Description of researching area ………………………...………...…………………....31
3.2.
Introduction to methodology …………………………………………………………...31
3.3.
Data collection techniques …………...…………………………….…………………..33
3.3.1.
Historical research techniques………………………………………………………...33
3.3.2. Observation …..……………………………………………………………………….34
3.3.2.1. Non-participant observation………………………………………………………...34
Table No 1: The design of our
observation ………………………………………………....36
3.3.2.2. Participant
observation……………………………………………………………..36
3.3.2.2.1. The application of participatory observation in our study ………………………36
3.3.3. Interview technique ……..…………………………………………………………….37
3.3.3.1. Interviewed people and why ……………………………………………………….38
3.3.4. THE STUDY IS
QUALITATIVE IN NATURE……………………………………..39
3.3.5. RESEARCH DESIGN ……………………………………………………………….39
3.3.6. POPULATION STUDY AND
SAMPLE ……………………………………………39
3.3.7. SAMPLE SIZE AND ITS
SELECTION …………………………………………….40
3.3.8. THE STUDY AREA ………………………………………………………………....40
CHAPTER
4: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING ……41
4.1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...……..41
4.2 Description of the Audio Documentary………………………………………………..
.41
4.3. Description of observed events and
activities in Nyabugogo bus park………………...41
4.4. The briefing about the result of
the research on business activities around
Nyabugogo
bus park. ……….……………………………………………………………………………44
4.4.1. The documentary content…………………………………………………………….44
CHAPTER
5 GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION …………………46
5.1. General conclusion……………………………………………………………………..48
5.2. Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………..48
5.2.1. To authorities in charge of
activities in Nyabugogo bus park……………………….48
5.2.2. To business owners ………………………………………………………………….48
5.2.3. To passengers ………………………………………………………………………..49
5.2.4.To drivers …………………………………………………………………………….49
5.2.5. To police …………………………………………………………………………….49
REFERENCES
…………………………………………………………………………….50
APPENDICES
THE AUDIO DOCUMENTARY
SCRIPT…………………………………………………….52
QUESTIONS ASKED TO THE RESPONDANTS…………………………………………….59
NYABUGOGO BUS PARK PHOTO
…………………………………………………………………..61
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Nyabugogo bus park is
the big ground where small taxis, big buses , and many other small cars
carrying passengers from different provinces of Rwanda and from neighboring
countries like Uganda, Burundi, Congo , Tanzania , and Kenya arrive or depart
from . All cars from these regions park on this ground in order to let
passengers get out or getting in to travel to their respective destination.
Nyabugogo
bus park is located in Kimisagara
sector, Nyarugenge district , Kigali city. It was first constructed in 1988 for
parking purposes only, and it was not intended to be a national bus park. In
1997 a real bus park was needed so as to decongest the central bus park from
busses from upcountry and outside of the country. Eng. Egide Mugwiza, the director of
Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development, told the Rwanda
focus Oct 29 2007.
Nowadays it accommodates around 500 busses “Rwanda
focus Oct 29 2007” these buses carry passengers to Kigali city and other carry
passengers from Kigali to their respective destination. Nyabugogo bus park is
always crowded with many people from different areas, people with different purposes
and needs. Some people go in Kigali to buy goods for commercial and to visit
their families.
1.1.1
THE FORMAL SITUATION OF NYABUGOGO BUS PARK
Before 2010 this bus
park was used by small taxis known as taxi hiace along with other transit goods
cars. The condition in this park was very bad .The ground was very dusty full
in dry season and full of mud in rain season. In that time no one could believe
that it is main park of the city like Kigali. This issues was not noticed
by people only but the media talked much about it.
1.1.2
Description and views of media about the formal Nyabugogo bus park
“Kigali is blessed with
one of the least troublesome traffic systems in the region. The occasional
traffic hold ups in the city centre are nothing compared to what happens in
Nairobi, Dar es Salaam or Kampala.
In those other cities
the proverbial rush hour can last the whole day particularly during the
weekdays!” wrote Alain Brian Ssenyonga
,The Sunday time July 11, 2010
He continued “For all of Kigali’s orderliness as
far as the transport system is concerned, the poor state of the main taxi park
at Nyabugogo always stood out like a sore thumb. The place has become known for
the dust during the dry season and mud when it rains. As if that is not enough,
there is a broken sewage system that keeps the park constantly wet with filth”
Interestingly. Many people do not realize that Nyabugogo is often the first
major stop for the hundreds of travelers who come here aboard the interstate
buses from Kampala, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam, Bujumbura or Goma. Just like the
airport at Kanombe, Nyabugogo deserves to have a huge billboard welcoming
people to Rwanda or Kigali.
The poor state of this
taxi park has mainly served to etch a regrettable first impression on the minds
of visitors to this country.
In the time Nyabugogo bus park was not considered as
an important area to launch business, there were few people opened their business
activities. Several times different media wrote, broadcast much about the crowd
of people along with many small business activities which were mostly seen by
Kigali city administrative as a disorder. “Hawkers and vendors have been evicted from the streets of
Nyabugogo in a clean-up exercise. Nyabugogo
is one of Kigali’s low-class and busiest suburbs. Several kiosks in Nyabugogo Taxi
park have also been pulled down. The clean-up exercise follows the mayor’s
recent visit to the area. However, shop owners, under Twunguke Cooperative
Society, are frustrated by the move. The cooperative’s vice chairperson, Edrisa
Sengoga, said that hawkers are their ‘first hand or middlemen customers’ who
link them with passengers”. wrote Kihesi Rwaguma
society magazine of September 27, 2007
1.1.3
NYABUGOGO BUS PARK AFTER GET REPAIRED
Soon after several
comments of media up on this Nyabugogo bus park, majors of repairing it were
elaborated and the new repaired Nyabugogo was launched around 2011.Since then
it became a big space to accommodate a large number of cars. Including cars of
transport agencies which were operating in
different part of Kigali city such as in Kigali centre known as Rubangura area.
After the announcement
of this shift of passengers transport agencies by Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Agencies known as RURA in collaboration with
Kigali city authorities , this park was seen as the main arrival of different people from different
regions. And that was considered as something which may easy business
feasibility which may contribute to the development of business.
On the other side media
in their analysis found that the shift of all these traveling cars would affect
different domain.
1.1.3.1
Complains of people who held commercial activities in Kigali centre
”The people who owns
shops in Kigali centre where transport agencies used to park are claiming the business failures due to the
departure of passengers who had been their main clients before. Some of them
have decided to close their doors because Nyabugogo bus park has no sufficient
space for business.
The authorities of Kigali
city responded that way it was the measure taken to harmonize the situation in
Kigali city which had been marked with disorder and insufficient park for cars
carrying passengers . And is because of the rehabilitation of houses in which
the transport companies agencies had been working in”. ( Aired story ‘Radio
Isango Star ’ Archives)
1.1.3.2
The side of passengers
The decision was not
received well by passengers some were complaining from the long way from
Nyabugogo to Kigali centre where most of them said to carry out their everyday
activities.
”This new transport system
has brought to us a loss. We have been obliged to pay twice for a journey we
used to pay once before. It is disgraceful to pay money from Nyabugogo to
Kigali centre! said passengers from Southern province “(story aired on Radio Salus Archives)
1.1.4.
THE CURRENT SITUATION OF NYABUGOGO BUS PARK
Nyabugogo bus park is
now an arrival and departure of big number of buses , to mean transport agencies
, Virunga express, Volcano express, Horizon express, Kigali safaris , Kigali
Bus service , Impala express , Stella
express , Omega express ,Matunda ,excel
,Gaga coach, Jaguar express and many
more plus a huge number of small taxis hiace corporate in RFTC, Rwanda Federation Transport
Cooperatives.
This transport system
has made the business to become easier in Nyabugogo bus park. Some people find
Nyabugogo national bus park the best area to launch business activities.
In
Nyabugogo bus park, there are shops, and other houses where passengers, drivers
use to buy different things for direct consumption or for carrying to their
respective homes. These movements make this bus park not to be seen as an area
for one importance but also as a very considerable area for commercial
activities, a favorable sphere for business.
Nyabugogo
bus park should be one of the good example which show how transport system impact
a lot on business development. This may be right referring to some ideas of
different authors wrote about transport system. The role of transportation in
business development is emphasized by some authors like Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Claude Comtois
and Brian Slack in the book the geography of transport systems (2009)352 pages.
”
the transport sector is an important
component of the economy impacting on development and the welfare of
populations. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and
social opportunities and benefits that result in positive multiplies effects
such as better accessibility to markets, employment and additional investments.
1.1.5. TRANSPORT SYSTEM
WITH BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BY INTERNATIONAL MEDIA
The role of transport system in promoting business
development is usual in countries where the system has been reinforced.
“The city’s
transportation.“ In case after case, results the creation of new projects,
really do set the table for economic development.” In USA, the City’s
Transportation Department(CTD) says it has identified another benefit to
pedestrian plazas, bike lanes and a rapid-transit bus system: Businesses that
operate nearby roads have seen a
pronounced bump. The department has even tied to economic improvement, citing a
71 percent increase in retail sales along Fordham road in the Bronx. Ms.
Sadik-Khan said increased ridership and faster-moving buses was most likely
drawing more patrons to the businesses” A
Report says transit initiatives are giving a boost to businesses byMatt
Flegenheimer
The New York Times October 24, 2012.
Nyabugogo bus park
became the common place for many people who want to have access to taxi and
buses.The commercial business increase day after day due to these cars.
This research tried to reflect the reality behind.
The transportation area
and business development on the same area. It was the time to talk to people
who carry out business activities around this bus park of Nyabugogo. The
description of the role of this bus park showed really about what is park influence on business development on
the area . It showed how business dealers manage the coming and going of the
people from different corners with different behaviors. It was a good time to
analyze the stand of media in Rwanda about transport system. How important it
is and how people around Nyabugogo bus park benefit from it. What are daily challenges
due to this park.
To research for the
meaning of Nyabugogo bus park went
through the deep study of the movement of passengers, car drivers, and drivers
assistants. This research was the pitch to know how people value the going and
coming of buses to Nyabugogo and what they gain from the
movement.
Referring to the
description of the formal Nyabugogo bus park and the current Nyabugogo bus park
the comparison between these periods is crucial.
To highlight the urban
transportation system in easing business development gave an idea to the people,
how beneficial is to invest in area like Nyabugogo bus park where there are
coming and going of the people.
1.
2. Statement of the problem
Business activities
around Nyabugogo bus park is not yet at its climax. Referring to
insufficient business in Nyabugogo , we can say that the wealth of
Nyabugogo bus park is not being profited as it should be . May be people do not
feel committed in launching new business activities that would attract people
from different region such as neighboring countries or there is another reason
like lack of funds to launch business there in Nyabugogo bus park. That place
would have been a very considerable place for exhibition of creative production
of Rwanda, innovative product.
Referring to the information read from books
of different authors all around the world like William R. Gillis, Ph.D. in
North Adams Ritzville in cooperation with Kenneth L. Casavant, in their book transportation
system improvements to new business development In Eastern Washington .They
show how park like Nyabugogo has a very considerable significance to the
development in countries whenever this
place get well exploited. Like when
people are committed to set business there around “ high
traffic routes provide visibility and convenient access for customers and
suppliers many retail and service growth
industries also prefer locations in close proximity to the inter regions
roads as well as on a high traffic
route. Food and drink establishments and specialty retail” Transportation system
improvements to new business development In Eastern Washington Page 20.
This information from the
book, shows that the crowded space like Nyabugogo bus park is an area that need to be exploited by
launching business there around .Nowadays
Nyabugogo bus park is not being exploited as it should be.
People are not
motivated in launching new businesses to profit this Nyabugogo bus park. This
research would help people who will read the research to think and to rethink about
the place like this one and decide what kind of business they might launch.
Government should
launch some special campaigns to sensitize people about the feasibility of
business in the place like Nyabugogo bus park .This research highlighted the views
of media about the transportation system .The analysis of the feature stories
in news papers helped us to discover what
should be the contribution of the government in making Nyabugogo bus park more
beneficial to people.
People do not feel the
value of coming and going of buses to Nyabugogo , we need also to show the
difference between the time Nyabugogo as a taxi park was not there and today’s
time where Nyabugogo is a main bus park.
1.3.
The hypothesis of the study
Some people consider
Nyabugogo bus park as a place which has a single role of enabling everyday
activities of divers, passengers but they do not see its main role in promoting
business, its role in business development. The research aims to clarify the
hidden influence of Nyabugogo bus park and some other places like in market,
schools, where many people crowd for a certain purpose. Their role in business development .We tend to reveal
the testimonies from the people who do their business activities around and
nearby Nyabugogo bus Park.
People have not got
chance to access the information about the productivity in terms of business on
place like Nyabugogo bus park. They are not aware of its role in business
development. We say this because Rwandan people use to get the information through
media and books. The media and books talking about Nyabugogo bus park and other
public area are always few.
1.4. Objective of the study
The overall objective
of this study is to show in an audio documentary the state of Nyabugogo bus park as one of
transport system in easing
business development. To evaluate the perceptions of the people around Nyabugogo
bus park towards this area. This study intend to highlight the way people with
small and big business deal with different people from different regions .This
involved the willing to know the possibilities of communication with these people often made by people who do not speak
Kinyarwanda.
Our study on easing
business through transport system presented in an audio documentary was undertaken
to achieve the following objectives:
1. To show in an
audio-documentary the state of urban transportation precisely Nyabugogo
bus park in business development.
2. To evaluate the
perceptions of the people around this bus park.
3. To analyze the media
content about transportation system in Rwanda
4. To identify problems
and challenges caused by Nyabugogo bus park.
5. To come up with
suggestions and recommendations on how everyday activities in Nyabugogo taxi
Park would be implemented to make it very productive.
1.5.
Research Question
The study undertook to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the value of
Nyabugogo bus park for the people who do business activities there around ?
2. How do business
owners, drivers, and other people with different activities in Nyabugogo bus
park value coming and going of people to Nyabugogo bus park
?
3. What can be done to
improve the feasibility of the businesses on the place like Nyabugogo Taxi
parking?
4. what is Rwandan
government is doing in promotion of this
bus park?
5. How do media
consider Nyabugogo bus park?
6.what is the media
content about Nyabugogo bus park?
7. What are challenges
towards business development in Nyabugogo bus park ?
1.6.
Significance of the study
The study explains the transportation system in Rwanda .The
fundamental rules, how the transport is done , explain the ways transport agencies act. Particularly it identifies
the impact of Nyabugogo bus park on
business development. It focuses on how
every day activities are done. The
clarification of the role of the place where people are many like Nyabugogo bus
park, would help people to open their mind towards other place like this. Our study
is assumed to awaken people and other investors for further information and
enable them readjust their efforts in order to improve the quality of their
businesses and expand them. It shows the barrier in doing business and what can
be done to remove.
1.7.
Scope of the study
The study focused on Nyabugogo bus park as a main park in Kigali
which accommodates people from provinces to mean Northern, Southern Western and
Eastern of Rwanda plus people from neighboring countries.
The research conducted
interviews to the people with business activities nearby Nyabugogo bus park. The researcher interviewed passengers, taxi
drivers and their helpers.
Our research was conducted
in the period of five months January to May 2013.
1.8.
Research methodology
The study is
qualitative in nature; it seeks to explain how beneficial Nyabugogo bus Park is
to business activities .In this study, the researcher mainly used the
interviews as a tool for data collection and recording . Basing on the sample, the
researcher chose the business practitioners around Nyabugogo bus park and other
people who hold various activities nearby Nyabugogo bus park, passengers and taxi drivers . The
researcher interviewed all these categories of people to know much about
Nyabugogo bus park its influence on everyday activities . Apart from the interviews
there used participatory observation where day after day the researcher followed on field what is going on Nyabugogo bus park.
What are the movements of the people in
Nyabugogo.
1.8.1. Audio recording
The act or process of making a
record, especially of sound on a
gramophone record or magnetic tape.
1.8.1. Recorder
Recorder is defined as something on which
sound or visual images have been recorded or a
signal that encodes something
like picture or sound.
1.9.
Organization of the study
The research project
has 5 chapters: The first chapter is the introduction which includes
Introduction of the research, Statement of the problem, Objective of the study,
Research Question, Significance of the study, scope of the study, Research
methodology, Organization of the study. The second chapter is about conceptual
framework and literature review. The third is
research design and methodology .The
chapter four deals with presenting data in an audio documentary. The fifth
which is the last presents general conclusion and recommendations.
CHAPTER
2 .LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Several scholars have
discussed and written a lot about the role of transportation in urban area and
the practicability of business activities around Taxi parking ground. The
literature review focuses on a number of themes of past researches in urban
transportation. It contains what some authors have done or said on this topic
or issue. At the end , it showed what
is missing or what is still
unclear in the urban
transportation which would lead to the
contribution of the current research
on this development activity and
to enlighten the unsaid effectiveness of
transportation in business development . The articles and books with
content relate to transportation and business helped us to notice what remains
to be done to improve this domain. Most of the researches were done on these issues.
Nyabugogo
taxi park is a very big ground which is
always crowded with many people from different regions .The ground like this one has a very significance role in
promoting the commercial activities or business development in the region in
which it is located .The history of bus
park have been there many years ago
worldwide . Different writers wrote about this movement of cars and they globalised
it in one concept called “transportation” the analysis of the books in this
chapter showed what is said by writers about transportation. How it is used to
reach at the advanced development and will help the researcher to know what was discovered and gap of knowledge
which need to be fulfilled.
2.1.1.
Transport system and business
The transport
facilitate the creation of new businesses
.The roads, water are the main components
of transportation , cars , and other vehicles use roads and water in order to carry out everyday activities. Where transport is developed like
in United State of America the people are committed in launching business near
by road and near by sea for water transport .Those people who come up with idea to launch
business near by road and sea they have realized that the high traffic routes provide visibility and
convenient access for customers and suppliers.
Many retails and
service growth industries also prefer locations in close proximity to the inter
regions roads as well as on a high traffic route. Food and drink establishments
and
specialty retail, for
example, benefit from high customer visibility along interstates and heavily
traveled highways. A significant number of new retail and service business
owners also cited location near water transportation as important. In general
retail and service businesses are not direct users of water transportation.
However, some provide support services such as
warehousing, travel
arrangements, cargo handling, marine petroleum products, engineering services or advertising that cater to the
needs of water carriers. For other service businesses, location near water transport
represents an aesthetic environment that is important to their business. An
example is a food and drink establishment located along the water front.
Overall, new retail and service businesses located in western Washington were
the most likely to identify water transportation as important to their choice of location.( Transportation System Improvements To New
Business Development In Eastern Washington
Research Report 1 February 1994
By William R. Gillis, Ph.D North Adams Ritzville, and Kenneth L. Casavant, page 20,30
)
Transportation is not
only important for the movement of customers, products and supplier, Transportation
systems also provide the means for employees to reach the workplace.
In
the introduction of the book: The
geography of transport system Jean-Paul
Rodrigue and Dr. Theo Notteboom say that The economic importance of transportation
like many economic activities that are intensive in infrastructures, is the sector which is an important
component of the economy impacting on development and the welfare of
populations. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and
social opportunities and benefits that result in positive multipliers effects
such as better accessibility to markets, employment and additional investments.
When transport systems are deficient in terms of capacity or reliability, they
can have an economic cost such as reduced or missed opportunities. Efficient
transportation reduces costs, while inefficient transportation increases costs.
Transport also contributes to economic development through job creation and its derived economic activities. Accordingly, a large
number of direct (freighters, managers, shippers) and indirect (insurance,
finance, packaging, handling, travel agencies, transit operators) employment
are associated with transport. Producers and consumers take economic decisions
on products, markets, costs, location, prices which are themselves based on
transport services, their availability, costs and capacity. Socioeconomic
Impacts While many of the economic impacts of transportation are positive,
there are also significant negative impacts that are assumed by individuals or
by the society (the geography of transport system Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Theo
Notteboom )
Transport also carries an important
social and environmental load, which cannot be neglected. The added value and
employment effects of transport services usually extend beyond employment and
added value generated by that activity.
2.1.2. Inefficient transportation increases
the costs
The inefficient transportation is the transport which has
not good plan , bad way of management of vehicles and the roads are not adequate
this cause danger . The problem of ineffective transportation is found in the
third world countries. These are the effects which go always with inefficient
transportation system:
·
Congestion. With the increased use of
transport systems, it has become increasingly common for parts of the network
to be used above design capacity. Congestion is the outcome of such a situation
with its associated costs, delays and waste of energy. Distribution systems
that rely upon on-time deliveries are particularly susceptible to congestion.
·
Accidents. The use of transport modes and
infrastructure is never entirely safe. Every motorized vehicle contains an
element of danger and nuisance. Due to human errors and various forms of
physical failures (mechanical or infrastructural) injuries, damages and even
death occur. Accidents tend to be proportional to the intensity of use of
transport infrastructures which means the more traffic the higher the probability
for an accident to occur. They have important socioeconomic impacts including
healthcare, insurance, damage to property and the loss of life. The respective
level of safety depends on the mode of transport and the speed at which an accident occurs. No mode is completely safe but
the road remains the most dangerous medium for transportation, accounting for
90% of all transport accidents on average (Statistics for OECD countries). At the global level about 1.3
million people died in road accidents in 2010 in addition to 50 million
injuries. China has one of the highest car accident death rates in the world,
with more than 110,000 fatalities per year (300 per day), a factor mainly due
to recent growth in vehicle ownership.
·
Mobility
gaps. Since mobility is one of the
fundamental components of the economic benefits of transportation, its
variations are likely to have substantial impacts on the opportunities of
individuals. Mobility needs do not always coincide due to several factors,
namely the lack of income, lack of time, lack of means and the lack of access.
People’s mobility and transport demands thus depend on their socioeconomic
situation. The higher the income, the higher the mobility, which may give rise
to substantial mobility gaps between different population groups. Gender gaps exist in
mobility as women tend to have lower incomes. Mobility gaps are particularly
prevalent for long distance travel. With the development of air transport, a
segment of the global population has achieved a very high level of mobility for
their business and leisure activities, while the great majority of the global
population has little mobility. This issue is expected to become more acute as
the population of many advanced economies is aging rapidly, which implies that
access to mobility will not be an income issue but an age issue
Costs differences. Locations that have low levels of accessibility, such as
landlocked countries, tend to have higher costs for many goods (sometimes basic
necessities such as food) as most have to be imported, often over long
distances. The resulting higher transport costs inhibit the competitiveness of
such locations and limits opportunities. Consumers and industries will pay
higher prices, impacting on their welfare (disposable income) and
competitiveness. (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources)
2.1.3 COMMUNICATION AND URBAN
TRANSPORTATION
The
communication is the important component
embedded In the transport, the everyday
traveling , the welfare of
transportation is caused by effective communication .When traveling into same
car the interaction
between people often with different languages from different region result a kind of enrichment in communication
skills and collaboration .The transportation of different passengers to a given
region is also a transportation of a culture to another region. This transport
system result a mix of culture which is sometime good.
Transport
and communication systems are the key to the movement of goods, people,
information and ideas, and to access to markets, employment, schools and other
facilities. And land use, both within cities and between cities, and in rural
and other remote areas.
Social
interaction and leisure facilitates important economic activities, including
obtaining food and other necessities of life.
A good communication may facilitate good
transportation and verse versa
“The urban
transportation project may give a
rise to the number of business activities. These include development and management of park areas around stations food stalls, book- stores, banking services such
as ATMs .Metro stations provide a captive
traffic for such business . Urban transportation
projects generate multiple
benefits ranging from pure private
good to public good . The beneficiaries for each category
are also different” wrote Andrew Chan
Yink Hong 27 July 2009 .
This indicates how the transportation is the domain that need
to be enhanced in Rwanda because there is no doubt about its importance.
The urban
transportation is a urgent sector that
bring a very considerable income if well sustained as said by different writers
“ Urban mobility or transportation is one
such basic requirement ensuring smooth and efficient movement
of people and goods in urban
areas has direct economic
benefits and enhances
productivity of workers. The
availability of good and efficient transportation services at life of
affordable costs also enhances the quality of life residents ”continues Andrew
Chan Yink Hong 27 July 2009.
The appreciation of the role of the ground like Nyabugogo
bus park, believing that it is the best ground for investors or for business
openers may increase employment.” It is
necessary to consider urban
transportation financing as part of a
comprehensive framework which
captures the variety of benefits that
accrue to different forms
of beneficiaries rather than in
the narrow sense
of financing a metro taxi , bus rapid transit system
,or urban road network ”.(
The world bank : study on urban transport development August
2000 under direction by
Kenneth M. Guilliam and Gerhald
Menckoft ).
Earl Swift in his book titled The Big Roads: The Untold Story about Transportation, urban transportation financing should
seek to achieve the following objectives:
·
Maximize
the social - economic benefits to the society through implementation of the
most cost effective options for urban
transportation.
·
Capture
value from direct benefits to project used and as well as value from significant
positive externalities that will accrue indirectly.
·
Ensure
affordability of public transportation fares to encourage usage and
maximize consumer welfare .
The united nations economic and social commission for
Asia and the pacific and city net 2012, in
its report sustainable urban transportation systems
is saying that transport is a key infrastructure sector
that acts as a
stimulus to economic growth
and is important
element of strategies for poverty
reduction regional and national
development. Transportation is
not just
about moving people
but it is also
involves the movement of goods . A recent study done
by this commission shows that 10
to 18 percent of trips in an urban
area involve the
movement of goods .Still the
problem towards benefiting transportation is a lack of sufficient staff with
technical and financial competency in both the public transportation and private sectors investments. Policies are
often not well coordinated there is
also a chronic shortage of financial resources to support capital-intensive
urban bus.
2.1.4.
MEDIA AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN RWANDA
2.1.4.1.
Description and views of media about the formal Nyabugogo bus park
“Kigali is blessed with
one of the least troublesome traffic systems in the region. The occasional
traffic hold ups in the city centre are nothing compared to what happens in
Nairobi, Dar es Salaam or Kampala. In those other cities the proverbial rush
hour can last the whole day particularly during the weekdays!” wrote Alain Brian Ssenyonga ,The Sunday time July 11, 2010
He continued “For all of Kigali’s orderliness as
far as the transport system is concerned, the poor state of the main taxi park
at Nyabugogo always stood out like a sore thumb. The place has become known for
the dust during the dry season and mud when it rains. As if that is not enough,
there is a broken sewage system that keeps the park constantly wet with filth”
Interestingly, many people do not realize that Nyabugogo is often the first
major stop for the hundreds of travelers who come here aboard the interstate
buses from Kampala, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam, Bujumbura or Goma. Just like the
airport at Kanombe, Nyabugogo deserves to have a huge billboard welcoming
people to Rwanda or Kigali.
The poor state of this
taxi park has mainly served to etch a regrettable first impression on the minds
of visitors to this country.
In the time Nyabugogo bus park was not considered as
an important area to launch business there were few people opened their business activities . Several times
different media wrote, broadcast much about the crowd of people along with many
small business activities which were mostly seen by Kigali city administrative
as a disorder. “Hawkers
and vendors have been evicted from the streets of Nyabugogo in a clean-up
exercise. Nyabugogo is one
of Kigali’s low-class and busiest suburbs. Several kiosks in Nyabugogo taxi park
have also been pulled down. The clean-up exercise follows the mayor’s recent
visit to the area. However, shop owners under Twunguke Cooperative Society are
frustrated by the move. The cooperative’s vice chairperson, Edrisa Sengoga,
said that hawkers are their ‘first hand or middlemen customers’ who link them
with passengers”. By Kihesi Rwaguma Society Magazine of September 27, 2007
2.1.4.2.
Media content about the current Nyabugogo bus park
Different media working in Rwanda published,
broadcasted, posted on internet stories about Nyabugogo bus park .Some of them
talked about it before its reparation and other after. The following story was
extracted in The Rwanda focus archives story posted on Oct 29 2007. “ Nyabugogo bus park which was constructed only ten years ago,
is today in a sad state of disrepair. It is an example of a construction
project that was carried out hastily and without proper planning. The result is
that it has not withstood the test of time.
“I don’t think that the construction of Nyabugogo Bus Park was a planned venture,” says Idrisa Mufora, a shopkeeper in Nyabogogo Bus Park.
“I don’t think that the construction of Nyabugogo Bus Park was a planned venture,” says Idrisa Mufora, a shopkeeper in Nyabogogo Bus Park.
The “gare”,
as many people call it, is located in Nyabugogo and is used by all buses to and
from the provinces and neighboring Uganda, Tanzania and Congo. It was
constructed in 1997 by the Kigali City Council to reduce the disorder reigning
the bus park in the city center.
“For sure,
there was no plan for the bus park, it was more of an emergency call from the
transport association Atraco to KCC, whose job is to keep the city shipshape,”
Felix Masengesho, the Executive secretary of Kimisagara district admits.
“Look, the
roads are bad, the toilets were poorly constructed and I don’t think they
really thought of how this place would look like, since the houses we work in
were built after gare’s construction,” Mr. Mufora says.
The
current state of the gare, already dilapidated only ten years after its
construction, raises the question whether other infrastructure works currently
underway will meet the same fate. Will they last or collapse given that to-date
structures that one finds along Kigali’s streets are storey buildings.
“There
should be good organization and planning when it comes to construction, to
ensure that the sites will last and are up to standards,” Mr. Idrisa said.
The
Nyabugogo bus park originally fell under the responsibility of Kigali City, but
was afterwards transferred to Kimisagara sector. Yet whoever was responsible,
it seems construction of the gare and the surrounding buildings was done in a
haphazard and chaotic way.
“Today,
the gare has become a place for business people rather than for transportation
purposes,” Masengesho commented, adding that there are plans to carry out a
study for the reconstruction of the Nyabugogo bus park.
It is
clear that the gare was constructed in a hurried way to quickly reduce the
chaos in the city center, yet without proper planning. The result is that today
there are serious problems with the drainage systems, and as a result the roads
are damaged by rain.
Masengesho
explains that the problem is that there has been no follow-up, so that problems
that arise are not noticed or acted upon, and the damage gets worse.
Eng. Egide
Mugwiza, the director of Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development,
explains that the nyabugogo gare was first constructed in 1988 for parking
purposes only, and was not intended to be a bus park. In 1997 a real bus park
was needed so as to decongest the central bus park from busses from upcountry
and outside of the country.
However,
according to Mugwiza, the capacity of the gare is now far below the actual
number of busses that are using it today, estimated at some 500, which explains
the poor state of the roads. Moreover, he says the drainage system is of poor
quality, thus adding to the damage.
Furthermore,
Eng. Mugwiza noted that the problem only becomes worse because the gare had
never been maintained.
“Yet a
study is now under way to renovate the gare,” he concludes on a hopeful note
The above story show
complains of people about the low capacity of
Nyabugogo bus park to accommodate
the actual number of cars which is estimated to exceed the ground .
Coming back to the
action of shifting bus from Kigali centre to Nyabugogo bus park .Before this
happened, they had been promised to have a new built bus park in Kigali
centre in order to facilitate the people
who were complaining for their double payment to Kigali city centre where most of them said to carry out their
everyday activities . After a year media said that the promise will not
be there .the below story published after the conference of minister of state in Ministry of
infrastructure Dr Nzabahimana Alex with media. This is the
lead of the story posted on Igihe.com on the 14-10-2012
“There have been two
year since the action of building kigali city bus park get started ,even Prime
Minister visited the area and he was given information that it would be built
very soon . today it has been said that no park will be built in Kigali
centre.” As it has announced by Minister of state in Ministry of
infrastructure Dr Nzabahimana Alex in the conference with journalists on 12
October 2012 no park will be built in
Kigali city...
2.1.5. INTERNATIONAL MEDIA CONTENT
ABOUT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND BUSNESS
2.1.5.1 .TRANSPORT
SYSTEM AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
The role of transport system in the promotion of
business development is usual in countries where the system has been
reinforced. Media use to explain the impact of the system to the development of
the country.“The city’s transportation.“ In case after case, results the
creation of new projects, really do set the table for economic development.” In
USA, the city’s Transportation department says it has identified another
benefit to pedestrian plazas, bike lanes and a rapid-transit bus system:
Businesses that operate nearby have seen a pronounced bump. The department has
even tied to economic improvement, citing a 71 percent increase in retail sales
along Fordham Road in the Bronx. Ms. Sadik-Khan said increased ridership and
faster-moving buses was most likely drawing more patrons to the businesses” A Report Says Transit Initiatives are giving a boost
to businesses By Matt Flegenheimer The New York Times October 24, 2012.
2.1.5.2
The transport system in the third world
In many countries of
third world the transport system dominated with the use of motorized vehicles,
mostly two-wheelers. This system is criticized to have the greatest congestion
and the most polluted environment.
Passenger movement are poor,
relatively unproductive, and wish to change their situations. Of all cities,
megacities have the highest travel times, the greatest congestion, and the most
polluted environments. The strategic quandary, particularly in countries where
the capital city dominates, is how to retain the economic benefits of city
scale while limiting the deterioration of transport performance that may be
associated with size and density. Particularly in Asia, this deterioration of
transport performance appears to be generating a rapid growth of motorized
two-wheelers that are faster than either bicycles (because of their power) or
buses (because of their personal nature, thus their maneuverability).The new
two-wheelers are so inexpensive that even the relatively poor can afford them.
(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources)
When preparing
development strategies, a number of issues must be examined, including
expansion of the road infrastructure, urban freight policies, and the roles of
the private sector. Road infrastructure expansion high levels of traffic
congestion certainly give an impression of inadequacy of urban road infrastructure
in many developing countries.(http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources)
2.1.6.
STEPS OF DOCUMENTARY
Our research is
presented in audio documentary; Audio documentary is a work of gathering the
information. That work carries informative programs mostly to be broadcast
through a certain medium straight to the homes of the public. The documentary
tend to consist of recorded interviews, debates, and factual information to be
shared with listeners or public. The subject matter covered by documentaries
often includes historical events, people of influence, and current issues, but
are not restricted to such categories. Wrote Scottish John Grierson who is said
to be the first to use the term documentary .
The documentary rely heavily on audio techniques to engage the audience,
allowing them to visualize what is being described. Sound is therefore a key
instrument in developing a quality program.
2.1.6.1
.Seven steps of documentary
1. Development of an idea
This step, clarifies the idea, the topic to be
covered, it tries to explain the
relationship between the interviewed or
observed events (people involved in the documentary) with the topic.
2. The Outline of the project and defines
of the details
This step is to make a list of materials and
equipment that is needed for recording and then choose team and set out responsibilities. Here the
use voice recorder to record all interviews, and notes book to note the
observed information is necessary.
3. To decide who to approach with the
concept:
This step deals with specifying of the people
involved in the work. That means the kind of people who must be interviewed or
observed what they do or their job .Why they are interviewed , their
relationship with the work and the
related information needed from them .
4. Writing a proposal
It is a detailed proposal that discusses the
documentary’s subject matter, its length, show the people who will be involved,
how they will be involved, their role in the documentary and the overall
purpose of the project.
5. Research the content
When developing a social awareness project,
especially one promoting business feasibility
awareness on an place like Nyabugogo bus park , doing the proper
research is mandatory. The information to choose for using must be accurate and
as current as possible. Referring to this research it necessary to start by visiting Nyabugogo
bus park, visit libraries to check books in related content as well as doing
research online. All these are done along with conducting interviews, careful observations .
In this section the media take main place, the
analysis of the written or broadcast stories about issues of Nyabugogo bus park
are done to discover the media content
about the park, transport system in general and business development.
6. Write a script
Apart from the storyline of the documentary it is
crucial to think about relevant music that is put in the background of
the final documentary . And other types of audio techniques to
illustrate the stories and information that is being shared. It is important to
ensure that ideas are communicated clearly.
7. Record the show
It is a step of recording, taking notes of observed
things in the researching area. Then after, it comes a final time to gather the
researched information or data and record of the whole scripts and enclose the
clips recorded during the conducted interviews with said sample. The use voice
recorder is necessary.
2.1.7. TYPES
OF DOCUMENTARY
Bill Nichols in the
book Introduction to Documentary (2001) and Representing Reality (1991), split
Documentaries into six different forms.
1. Poetic
documentaries, The poetic mode moved away from continuity editing and instead
organized images of the material world by means of associations and patterns,
both in terms of time and space. Well-rounded characters ’life-like people’ were
absent; instead, people appeared in these films as entities, just like any
other, that are found in the material world.
2. Expository documentaries, speak directly to
the viewer, often in the form of an authoritative commentary employing
voiceover or titles, proposing a strong argument and point of view. These
documentaries are rhetorical, and try to persuade the viewer. (They may use a
rich and sonorous male voice.) The (voice-of-God) commentary often sounds
‘objective’ and omniscient. In film documentary the Images are often not
paramount; they exist to advance the argument. The rhetoric insistently presses
upon us to read the images in a certain fashion. Historical documentaries in
this mode deliver an unproblematic and ‘objective’ account and interpretation
of past events.
3. Observational
documentaries, attempt to simply and spontaneously observe lived life with a
minimum of intervention. Documentary makers who worked in this sub-genre often
saw the poetic mode as too abstract and the expository mode as too didactic.
The first observational docs date back to the 1960’s.
4. Participatory
documentaries, believe that it is impossible for the act of documentary
making to not influence or alter the events being filmed. What these films do
is emulate the approach of the anthropologist: participant-observation.
5. Reflexive
documentaries, don’t see themselves as a transparent window on the world;
instead they draw attention to their own contractedness, and the fact that they
are representations. How does the world get represented by documentary films?
This question is central to this sub-genre of films. They prompt us to
“question the authenticity of documentary in general.” It is the most
self-conscious of all the modes, and is highly skeptical of ‘realism.
6. Performative
documentaries , stress subjective experience and emotional response to the
world. They are strongly personal, unconventional, perhaps poetic and/or
experimental, and might include hypothetical enactments of events designed to
make us experience what it might be like for us to possess a certain specific
perspective on the world that is not our own.
2.1.7.1 SAMPLE
OF DOCUMENTARY ABOUT URBAN TRANSPORTATION WORLWIDE
2.1.7.1.1. The
documentary “beyond the motor city” by the city fix
The documentary “BEYOND THE MOTOR CITY ’’ published
by public broadcasting service presented by Megan Mc Conville February 10,2010
.The documentary reveals Amerca’ s Transport past . Beyond the motor city, is a
broad look at the USA’s transportation history through the lens of the
experience of detroit. A city once renowned for its auto manufacturing and now
for its extreme deterioration. A compelling mix of documentary filmmaking and advocacy,
the episode
lays out detroit’s urban and transportation problems while examining
the federal role (or lack thereof) in transportation throughout American
history.
The
documentary makers view detroit as the canary in the coal mine and a potential
model for other American cities. In its dual role as the archetypal
auto-dependent USA city and the home of the auto industry, detroit has suffered
intensely with the decline of domestic car manufacturing. If the city can
reinvent itself, the documentary suggests, there is hope for other USA urban
areas and for American innovation and technology development as they move into
a post-automobile future.
The episode
traces the rise and fall of the Motor City, from the boom years, when its
population reached almost 2 million and it boasted a dense public
transportation network and a vibrant downtown, to the present, when half of
that population has fled to the suburbs, and as narrator Miles O’Brien says,
the “former world capital of transportation is having trouble transporting its
own citizens.” The show tells the story of detroit’s failed regional rail
system, which was reduced to the 3-mile and notes the difficulty of operating a
transit system that must serve such a diffuse population, spread across so many
vacant neighborhoods.
The
documentary takes an international look at regional transportation and provides
an interesting contrast between Spain’s national transportation programs and
the lack of federal leadership in the USA Spain’s Alta
Velocidad Española (AVE) rail
system
was created as an emblem for a comprehensive national transport system, and has
been immensely successful, transforming cities and cementing the country’s role
as an infrastructure leader and manufacturer.
In the absence of a federal urban or
transportation vision, “Beyond the Motor City” turns the spotlight on some
interesting community and corporate initiatives to renew Detroit.
Responding to service cuts, a community center has started running its own
transit vehicles, providing transportation to people who need to get to the
grocery store and doctors’ appointments. “Beyond the Motor City” asks
some tough questions that are yet to be answered. Can detroit reinvent
itself? Will the city’s extreme situation lead to innovation, and will
that innovation pay off? Is a new era dawning in American federal
transportation policy?
2.1.8.
RWANDA URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM
2.1.8.1
Rwanda transport system since 1995
The transport system in
that time was structured like this : There were 7868 automobiles and 2048
commercial vehicles in use . Bus services connects kigali to 10 prefecture.
The most important roads for landlocked Rwanda ‘s external trade run from kigali to kibungo and from
kigali to kagitumba , thence connecting
by road and rail with Indian ocean ports in Tanzania and Kenya . About 90 % of foreign trade
was via the kakitumba route , which lead to
the Kenyan ports via Uganda , Rwanda had no railroads (http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/africa/Rwanda-transportation)
Up to 2001 There were 8
airports, 4 of which had paved runways. International airports are Kigali- kanombe and at
kamembe ,served by Air Rwanda
,Sabena, Air Zaire ,Aeroflot ,Air Burundi ,Kenya airways, Air Tanzania
,Ethiopian airlines ,and Air France. Directs flights from Europe are available
from Brussels, Paris, and Athens .Internal traffic is provided by Air Rwanda to
six domestic airfields.
2.1.8.2.
The current Rwanda transport system
Nearly all cities and towns have some kind of public
transportation including buses and taxis which implies going around in Rwanda.
The transport
system in Rwanda centres primarily around the road network, with paved
roads between the capital, Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country.
Rwanda is also linked by road with other countries in East Africa,
via which the majority of the country's imports and exports are made. A large
amount of investment in the transport infrastructure has been made by the government since the 1994 genocide.
Rwanda has a total of 12,000 km of roads, of
which 1,000 km are paved. The remainder are dirt roads
with quality varying from smooth hard surfaces with drainage to rutted,
extremely uneven tracks passable only with a four-wheel
drive vehicle.
The survey carried out by the Transport Companies Association
in Kigali gives the following statistics: There are 19 bus companies operating
a total of 1633 buses of various makes, models and sizes in various parts of
Rwanda. In Kigali City itself there are 622 buses operating. Of these 622,
90.6% of them are small Toyota Hiace vehicles, mostly more than 10 years old,
and many much older.
There are several daily traveling bus from Rwanda
to destinations in East Africa:
Ø Busses which connects Kigali to Kampala, the Ugandan capital, via Gatuna
or via Kayonza and Kagitumba
Ø Regional bus Services, which runs services to Kampala Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, all via the Gatuna border crossing. These
buses are usually air-conditioned.
Ø Express
busses , running between Kigali and Kampala.
2.1.9.
CONTRIBUTION OF OUR RESEARCH ON THE
ISSUE
The researchers who
wrote on this subject of transportation did not go in deep to show really how
profitable is the ground of bus park in terms of business development. In the above
researches the conductors insisted on
transportation in the developed countries
but they did not insist on countries which are developing .Sure the way of doing business in these developed countries
is very different to the developing countries including Rwanda. Our
study focused on how business could be done in Rwanda specifically around the
bus park of Nyabugogo in order to profit the coming and going of people from
different corners.
CONCLUSION
Urban land use greatly
impacts the sustainability of a transportation
system .One of the goals of
sustainable transportation is to enhance the public transit
system and to reduce
the usage of personal vehicles .This is why transit system and usage of personal vehicles are important aspect of sustainable urban
transportation. To achieve a sustainable transportation system it
is important that
sustainable transportation is comprehensively mentioned
in the transportation planning .In addition there must be an
institutional mechanism to implement the sustainable transportation system.
2.2.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.2.1.
Introduction
This chapter consists
of two parts: the conceptual framework of the study and the review of relevant
literature. The conceptual framework tries to define the concepts that
engage transportation and business
development. After defining concepts it places them in the context of this
study.
In conceptual framework
this study is defining these keys terms: park, bus park, Double
Park, Commercial Vehicle,
Business, Business Development, Transportation, Urban, Urban Transport, Public
transportation or public transit, sustainable transport,
urban area. Audio documentary .recording
2.2.2. Bus park
Bus park
area is a place specially designated for taxi or bus to wait for passengers , or be parked when
they are not carrying passengers or in transit. For the purposes of parking,
stopping and standing.(Robert Oppenheim ;Urban Travel Demand Modeling (published in 1999)
2.2.3. Park
Mean
where vehicle is put, whether occupied or not otherwise than temporarily for
the purpose and while actually engaged in loading or unloading merchandise or
passengers. (Oxford dictionaries.com)
2.2.4. Double Park
It
is said when the driver of a vehicle parks the vehicle on the roadway side of
another vehicle that is stopped, standing, or parked at the curb.
2.2.5 A Commercial Vehicle
A commercial vehicle is defined as a vehicle that bears
commercial plates, and is permanently altered by having all seats and seat
fittings, except the front seats, removed to facilitate the transportation of
property. Commercial vehicle could be defined also as a
vehicle designed, maintained, or used primarily for the transportation of
property or for the provision of commercial services and bearing commercial
plates is considered as commercial vehicle.( Peter Stein ; Cars Galore published 2011)
2.2.6. Business
Stephen
defines business as “the regular purchase and sale of goods undertaken with an
objective of earning profit and acquiring wealth through the satisfaction of
human wants”
According
to dicksee” business refers to form of activity conducted with an objective of
earning profits for the benefits of those on whose behalf the activity is
conducted with an objective or earning profits for the benefits of those on
whose behalf the activity is conducted”
Lewis
Henry defines business as “human activity directed towards producing or
acquiring wealth through buying and
selling of goods.”
Thus
the term business means continuous production and distribution of goods and
services with the aim of earning profits under uncertain market conditions.
A business is also defined as when an organization involved in the trade of goods,
services,
or both to consumers. Businesses are
predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them
are privately owned and
administered to earn profit
to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be
not for profit
or state-owned.
A business owned by multiple individuals may be referred to as a company, although that term
also has a more precise meaning.
2.2.7.Business
Development
Business development is consistently engaging in
activities that result in revenue. These activities need to be consistent and
measurable, and revenue needs to be traceable to these activities. Business development
in a short clear way is to develop more business for ones own company; business
development is getting more revenue in that the normal sales effort. Business development
is for those individuals who are not engaged nor trained in true sales and they
normally focus on low level smaller deals. They are really more a marketer than
a sales person and should not be confused with those in true sales function.
So, do they effect revenues business development involves both
selling and marketing, hunting and farming. Successful
practitioners have to be able to build channels from scratch and
extend already existing alliances.
To increase the business is to make a growing of
your business on a higher level of revenue growth than increasing sales.
Increasing sales is "sell more" to the many people. Business
development looks for either new vertical markets or expanding horizontally
within a market. (sites,http://www.forbes.com/)
2.2.8. Transportation
2.2.8. Transportation
The act of moving something from one location to
another is also a process
of shipping
or moving an item from point
A to point B.( the world bank, study on urban transportation development
final report , August 2000 . page
12 )
Common forms of transportation include planes, trains, automobiles, and other two-wheel devices such as bikes or motorcycles
Air transportation system
is a transportation system for moving passengers or goods by air.
Highway system is a transportation system
consisting of roads for motor transport.
Public transit is a public transportation system
for moving passengers.
2.2.9
.Urban Transport
Urban transport is the
complex of various forms of transportation that transfers people and cargo
within the territory of a city and the immediate sub urban zones and that
performs work related to planning and provision of public services and
amenities. When there are residential areas which are far from big cities and
industrial regions, urban transport connects all of these various entities.
Urban transport is an important sector of passengers urban transport
encompasses mass public transport carrying passengers along predetermined
routes subdivided into street (streetcar, trolleybus, and motor bus) and non
street (subway, rapid transit, monorail, or conveyor), passenger car transport
(taxi and departmental or private motor vehicles), two-wheeled transport.( The
world bank, the study on urban transport development the final report August
,2000 page 12 )
2.2.10. Public
transportation
or public transit
Public
transport is a shared passenger transport service which is available for use by the general
public, as distinct from modes such as taxi, car pooling or hired buses which are not shared by strangers without
private arrangement. (Transportation redefines the twentieth century west by
John C. Hudson, Northwestern University. 2004)
2.2.11. The term sustainable transport
Sustainable
transport is used to describe modes of transport, and systems of transport
planning, which are consistent with wider concerns of sustainability.
2.2.12. An urban area
Urban area is characterized by higher
population density and vast human features in
comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns
or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to
rural settlements such as villages and hamlets. Urban areas are created and further developed by the
process of urbanization.(Demographic yearbook 2005, table 6)
2.2.13. Passenger
Any person carried on a car, bus and he is covered by a
ticket. or Any person, except members of the crew, carried or to be carried in
a bus with the consent of carrier.
2.2.14. A Documentary
Documentary is the necessity to
capture life as it is as it naturally appears. It needs to be filmed
surreptitiously, while the goal is to capture life’s unawareness and natural
beauty
The term
‘documentary’ stems from the verb ‘to document’ to convey information on the
basis of proof and evidence to support it. There is audio, film (video), a
documentary is a film that is an attempt, in one fashion or another, to show
reality as it really is. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary
2.2.15. An audio documentary
An audio documentary is a purely acoustic performance
devoted to covering a particular topic in some depth, usually with a mixture of
commentary and sound pictures. It is broadcast on radio or published on
audio media, such as tape or CD. Some radio features, especially those
including especially composed music or other pieces of audio art. Documentaries
can deal with scientific or educational topics, can be a form of journalism or
social commentary, or can be a conduit for propaganda or personal expression.
Defined Pare Lorentz in his documentary
“The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)” influenced documentary
filmmaking in the 1930s
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1.
Description of researching area
Nyabugogo bus park is
the big ground where small taxis, big bus, minu bus, and many other small cars
carrying passengers from different provinces of Rwanda and from neighboring
countries like Uganda, Burundi, Congo , Tanzania , and Kenya arrive or depart
from . All cars from these region park on this ground in order to let
passengers get out or getting in to travel to their respective destination.
Nyabugogo
bus park k is located in Kimisagara
sector, Nyarugenge District ,Kigali city. It was first constructed in 1988 for
parking purposes only, and was not intended to be a bus park. Nowadays
it accommodates around 500 busses “Rwanda focus Oct 29 2007” these buses carry
passengers to Kigali city and other carry passengers from Kigali to their
respective destination.
The study is titled “Easing business through an
efficient transport system, an audio documentary on Nyabugogo bus park” as shown by the title we researched
about Nyabugogo bus park. We showed the state of Nyabugogo bus park in business
development, to evaluate the perceptions of the people around Nyabugogo
bus park
towards this area. This study
intended to highlight the way people with small and big business deal
with different people from different region .The research is the time to
analyze the media content in Rwanda about the transport system . It will also
involve the willing to know the possibilities of communication with these people often made by people who do not speak
Kinyarwanda.
The study on easing business through transport
system presented in an audio documentary.
3.2.
Introduction to methodology
Methodology is usually a guideline system for
solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods,
techniques and tools. It can be defined also as the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates
employed by a discipline, the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or
have been applied within a discipline, the study or description of methods. A
methodology can be considered to include multiple methods, each as applied to
various facets of the whole scope of the methodology.
( Thomas Kuhn,
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (University of Chicago, 1970,
2nd ed.)
The research can be divided between
two parts , they are qualitative research and quantitative research.
1. According to Bailey (1978),
method means the research technique or tool
used to gather data . Grinnell
and Williams ( 1990) state methodology
as ways of arriving at the knowledge regarding to what it is .It is also the philosophy
of the research process, which include the assumptions and values that serve
as a rationale for research and
standards or criteria the researcher
uses for interpreting data.
Research methodology
involves the researcher providing an alternative hypothesis, a research
hypothesis, as an alternative way to explain the phenomenon .
The researcher tests
the hypothesis to disprove the null hypothesis, not because he/she loves the
research hypothesis, but because it
would mean coming closer to finding an answer to a specific problem. The research hypothesis is often
based on observations that evoke suspicion that the null hypothesis is not
always correct.
Therefore, this chapter
aims at showing the methodology used to highlight the impact of transport system on business development. The
research also describes some methods and techniques that was used in data
collection and processing in testing hypothesis. Methodologically, the
researcher’s desire was to run after the truth hidden from many people who have
willing to start business.
The methodology focuses
on how the research was conducted. The essential information were achieved
through a variety of activities such as conducting direct and face- to –face interviews , making direct
observations of the movement and
activities in taxi parking Nyabugogo.
Three data collection
techniques were considered for this study to reach its goal. These are Historical
research
techniques,
interview, observations and. The final work was presented in an Audio Documentary .
3.3.
Data collection techniques
Our research is
qualitative in nature to reach its
goals it used the following
methods or techniques ;
Historical research techniques, interview techniques , observation .
3.3.1. Historical
research techniques
Historical research techniques or methods, are most
commonly used to review data from the past and draw conclusions that impact on
the present or future. It is commonly used by historians. The process of
historical research requires a significant amount
of reading, translating, researching and discussion. The volume of information
required to support a historical theory is quite substantial. ( Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
(University of Chicago, 1970, page 31 2nd ed.)
In the research titled “ Easing business through an
efficient transport system, an audio documentary on Nyabugogo bus park” we applied these techniques
trough the following steps .
Step 1. Define
the starting period
This step consist of locating independent
verification of basic background information and investigate the author. This
step is necessary to confirm the evidence used is factual, reporting on by
multiple sources and that the bias of the author. In our research we tried to
do a deep study of the area of researching
Nyabugogo bus park in the past period
around 1995 through 1998 to 2012 . we read
books, news paper and other news sources with topic related to Nyabugogo bus
park released in this period to know much about this park.
Step 2 . To
analyze the information
This step was to do an analysis of the information read into different news
sources with topic related to Nyabugogo
bus park .Validate against other sources and measure the creditability of the
information. This step made us to
use multiple sources and process of questioning all aspects of the
information. This includes using generally accepted knowledge about the time
period in question, historical facts and physical evidence.
3.3.2.
Observation
Van Lier (1999:68)
states that observation is an important way in conducting a research on a
certain activities or movement of people, this methodology involves watching
and recording behaviors within a clearly defined area. The researcher plays the
role of passive observer and is, therefore, outside the action of being
observed and recorded. It consists in observing a targeted group of workers on their task this observation is like eyes recoding .
According to the same
author there are two
kinds of observation : participants observation and non-participants observation.
The former is done when
the researcher involves in activities and uses a recording machine .The latter requires the researcher to
set out before hand a
systematic observation scheme which
enables him to observe and encode
how an certain action is taking place . It is worth mentioning
that in this study
the researcher will use both “
participant observation ” and
Non-participant observation ”
In our research” Easing
business through an efficient transport system, an audio documentary on
Nyabugogo bus park” the observation was done on the following activities and movements of the people in Nyabugogo bus park
for certain purpose explained in the following table.
3.3.2.1.
Non-participant observation
Table
No 1: The design of our observation
|
No
|
Things/people/activities/movements
to be Observed
|
Target of observation
|
The reason for
observation
|
|
1.
|
Traveling
cars movement at their departure and the arrival at Nyabugogo bus park
|
Passengers
:their mood ,their actions after arriving at Nyabugogo , and before departure
|
To
discover what they do at Nyabugogo,
they buy , what they carry to their home and their connection with business there in .
|
|
2.
|
Shops
and various activities owners
|
Their
deals with clients
|
Who
are their prime clients?
|
|
3.
|
Drivers
/helpers
|
Their
interaction with passengers / their collaboration
|
To
know much about communication between
two sides passengers and drivers along with their helpers . languages, behaviors…
|
|
4.
|
Infrastructure
|
Building in Nyabugogo bus park
|
To
know if the business in Nyabugogo is possible referring to buildings for
commercial activities
|
|
5.
|
Other
sectors like security sectors/ leaders on field / helpers of passengers those
who carry the luggage .
|
Their contribution to
the welfare of transport, and business
dev. In Nyabugogo bus park
|
To
know their everyday activities
|
3.3.2.2. Participant observation
The researcher is immersed in the
action being observed but their role as researcher is not obvious. An example
of participant observation methodology occurs when the researcher goes into a
shopping centre in a wheelchair or joins a group in order to study it.
Researchers using participant observation must be aware of the ethical
implications of this methodology. A methodology where in the researcher's role
is more in the open is the participant-as-observer methodology. In this, the
researcher still participates in, as well as observes, the action being studied
but does so with the knowledge of other participants.
3.3.2.2.1.
The application of participatory observation in our study
This method consists of
being part of the activity which is taking place but someone who is observing
participate as a stakeholder in the activities of the observed people. During
this observation the observer must have the list of elaborated things to observe .
This method is possible in our study Easing business through an efficient
transport system, an audio documentary on Nyabugogo bus park” it was applied in
the following steps :
Step
1.listing
of important things for our research that need to be known for its roots.
Step2:
to clarify the gap of information that need to be searched to complete the research about transport
system in Nyabugogo bus park.
Step
3:
prepare means like money to help for participating in the activities, money to
shop with others. That would be an occasion to ask some questions regarding
business feasibility in Nyabugogo.
Step4.
To go to field in Nyabugogo bus park to participate in different actions like
buying things in shop, asking questions as a client, traveling in bus with
passengers feeling the mood asking questions as their colleague sharing the
same bus .All these movements were done along with encoding of some information
which are new and crucial to our research .
3.3.3.
Interview technique
Microsoft
Encarta ( 2008 ) defined the
interview as the meeting for asking questions: This is
meeting during which
somebody is asked questions. And the record of interview is a
transcript, report on , or recording of
an interview .An interview may be tightly structured, semi-structured, unstructured,
in-depth or conversational. This methodology involves the researcher and the
interviewee in a one-to-one situation and may be quite time consuming. The
researcher may interview several people at different times using the same
interview question schedule.
As one of techniques that was used by researcher ,the interview played very important role in carrying
out this study .The
face-to-face interview helped the researcher to ask probing questions and
at the same time follow up the tone of the voice , body language movement
accompanying the interviewee’ s
response ,which would provide essential information to the
discussed issues. Indeed,
Drivers, shops owners, passengers were interviewed because
they are most important in this
policy’s application .
In the same orientation, the top administrator
in charge of activities in Nyabugogo taxi parking were also interviewed .This officer is responsible
for the management and execution of passengers carrying policies in this parking.
This makes a better positioned person
to comment on daily activities found in this taxi parking
and provide very useful information concerning
what the authority plan
to do in order to make people
understand the role of this taxi parking.
Concerning interview technique, ( Yvan Charon ,1989)
classified interviews into 5 categories depending on informative content
and the role taken interlocutor
vis-à-vis the event or phenomena
.The language of this book , interviews on television , is
French ,( the interviewee gives testimony on
the situation he faces ) ,
opinion interview ( The interviewee is
the expert) , he gives opinion on
such issue ) and interview-explication (
The interviewee is an expert on the issue. He gives explanations or he
clarifies the phenomena).
3.3.3.1.
Interviewed people and why
|
No
|
People to
interview and to observe their
movement and activities.
|
Sample
|
Related questions to them and why
|
|
1.
|
Shop owners
|
The people who own business activities in Nyabugogo
bus park, and there around
|
All question asked to them were about knowing the
relationship between their business and everyday’s movement of passengers,
drivers,……
|
|
2
|
Passengers
|
Passengers from different regions of Rwanda and
neighboring countries.
|
How they use to get products to take to their
home when they are at Nyabugogo bus park.
|
|
3
|
Drivers
|
Drivers of traveling agencies and other taxis
working in Nyabugogo bus park
|
Asked them
much about movement of passengers what
they use to carry from Nyabugogo to
their home and The communication between drivers, passengers and business
owners in Nyabugogo bus park .
|
|
4
|
Security board in Nyabugogo bus park
|
At Nyabugogo there are police station in charge
of security
|
Asked them
about the security of business carried out in nyabugogo bus park , security
of passengers …
|
|
5
|
Traveling agencies
Staffs
|
Head of
traveling agencies
|
Asked them
about the benefit / the failure of using Nyabugogo bus park as unique park.
The way they manage to deal with their business after they have been shifted
from Kigali centre to Nyabugogo.
|
|
6.
|
Authorities
in charge on Nyabugogo bus park
|
Kimisagara
sector leaders( in which locates
Nyabugogo) + RFTC staff( they have big
responsibilities up on
Huge
numbers of traveling bus)
|
About
organization of Nyabugogo bus park, its contribution to country development ,
the value given to this park . The information will help us to measure the
impact of the transport system to the global development.
|
3.3.4. THE STUDY IS
QUALITATIVE IN NATURE
Qualitative methodology
Involves
a phenomenological perspective whereby researchers aim to understand, report
and evaluate the meaning of events for people in particular situations. That is
how their social world is structured by the participants in it. The focus of
qualitative methodologies is the way in which participants (rather than the
researcher) interpret their experiences and construct reality. Some examples
are: an unstructured interview, focus group, and participant observation. Our
study is qualitative because it seeks to give explanations up on activities
done in Nyabugogo Taxi parking ground .It responded questions like how, what,
who.
3.3.5.
RESEARCH DESIGN
According to
Grinnell and Williams ( 1990), research
design is a careful systematic
study or
investigation in some field of knowledge , undertaken to establish
some facts or principles .It can also be defined
as the totality of plans that are
to help us in answering our research questions .This research design
aims at showing how the study
conducted to Nyabugogo bus park , how was carried
out especially as far as data collection
is concerned .
3.3.6. POPULATION STUDY AND SAMPLE
According to Lapin (1990 ) population is a group of individuals , items from
which samples are taken for measurement .This study aimed
at studying the impact of urban
transportation in business development. To understand this issue, the
researcher got information from these main categories of people or respondents:
the related interviews were mentioned in the above table No1 “ People to interview and why”
·
Shops
owners, in Nyabugogo bus park .
·
Drivers
and their helpers
·
Passengers
from different region
·
Staffs
in charge of Nyabugogo bus park
·
Security
staffs in Nyabugogo bus park
·
Transport
company agencies staffs
Through well structured
interviews each of these groups offered useful information for the research
since each of them has a particular concern about Nyabugogo taxi parking
ground.
3.3.7. SAMPLE SIZE AND
ITS SELECTION
Due to time and resource constraints, it is impossible to cover more bus
park in Rwanda .This brought about the use of sample which orients the study to
Nyabugogo bus park .
3.3.8. THE STUDY AREA
Our study focuses on Nyabugogo bus park ground based at Kigali city,
Nyarugenge district Kimisagara sector. Even though there is many other bus park
but this one is the big one and accommodates many cars from different region.
This is why we chose this park as right one and important.
CHAPTER
4: DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING
4.1.
Introduction
In this chapter, the
researcher presents the data and interprets the results in “audio documentary”
as mentioned in the introduction . To present the data, audio documentary was
chosen as a tool. Mostly, the interviews were made in Kinyarwanda, and the
researcher voiced them over in English .The documentary narration is in
English.
The documentary on an
audio DVD is expected to be between 25 and 30 minutes. The entire clip will
combine the producer’s narration, audio clips of the respondents, otherwise
known as sound bites, ambient sounds and an instrumental /classical music bed.
The audio DVD containing the whole audio documentary,
the interview guide and the script are appended to this research project.
4.2
Description of the Audio Documentary
This audio documentary
titled Easing business through efficient transportation system started
with the producer’s introduction . He
introduced and summarized the content of the documentary which is how
businesses are done in the area around Nyabugogo bus park .
The researcher
summarizes how the transport system plays significant role in promotion of
business feasibility and business development in general. The researcher talks
about every day activities of different people drivers, passengers business
owners who use Nyabugogo bus park. Their point of view of what should be done
to extend this bus park .All are included in this audio documentary .
4.3.
Description of observed events and activities in Nyabugogo bus park
Nyabugogo bus park is
rectangular shaped. The half of the
buildings inside park is occupied with shops . Other half is occupied by
offices of traveling agencies and exchange bureaus.
Table
of activities inside bus park
|
No
|
Kind of business
|
Product
in shop
|
Number of houses
|
||
|
1.
|
Small
Shops
|
Electronic materials
such as phones, watches ,
|
23
|
||
|
2.
|
Small
shops
|
Mixtures
of things , bags, shoes, mattress and
other
|
19
|
||
|
2.
|
Mini-Alimentation
|
Breads
, drinks,
|
3
|
||
|
3.
|
Small
Restaurant
|
Foods
, drinks, milk..
|
4
|
||
|
4.
|
Papeteries
|
Photocopying,
printing
|
2
|
||
|
5.
|
Saloon
|
Preparing
ladies hairs , and boys.
|
2
|
||
|
6.
|
Traveling
agencies office
|
Serve
ticket to passengers
|
26
|
||
|
7.
|
Forex bureaus (exchange bureaus)
|
Exchange
of money
|
7
|
||
|
8.
|
Total
|
All shops in general
|
86
|
||
The shops in Nyabugogo
bus park are mainly electronic materials like phones, watches, televisions and
other things like bags, mattress and shoes. Passengers are always busy in these shops buying electronic materials especially phones batteries chargers etc
Restaurant and
Alimentation are also business houses which host many passengers per day. Since early morning people are busy in
restaurant and alimentation taking
breakfast tea , coffee and
other soft drink .This period ends about
12 o’clock time when people start taking lunch . The period of lunch extends up
to night when movement of cars is almost over .
Table
of businesses in few miles from bus park
|
No
|
Kind of business
|
Goods in business house
|
The number
|
|
1.
|
Banks
|
Help
passengers and business owners to get money or to deposit.
|
Great
number : almost all banks working in Rwanda.
|
|
2.
|
Big
shops
|
Shops
with spare parts for cars , motorcycle,
|
Great
number
|
|
3.
|
Big
shops of foods
|
Stores
of sacks of different food products.
|
Average
number
|
|
4.
|
Bars
|
Beer
, soft and alcoholic
|
Less
number
|
|
5.
|
Alimentation
|
Soft
drinks, jus ,breads….
|
Few
|
|
6.
|
Hotels
|
Chambers
for guests , foods ,drinks
|
Less
number
|
The table shows the
businesses in few miles around Nyabugogo bus park. The business activities
outside in few miles are more than those locate inside. The huge houses around
Nyabugogo bus park are occupied by banks, almost all banks working in Rwanda
have small agencies around this bus park. These are, BK, KCB, BPR, COGEBANK,
BCR, ECOBANK ,UNGUKA, FINABANK,AGASEK etc
.
The big shops selling
various goods like construction materials, cements, glasses for houses. There
are also shops which store foods of all kind like sack of rice, oil, maize
flours, and many other foods product .There are shops of spare parts for cars,
motorcycle. Bars, big restaurants, hotels, big alimentations.
4.4.
The briefing about the result of the research on business activities
around Nyabugogo bus park.
4.4.1.
The documentary content.
The presentation of the
research in an audio documentary ,
starts with the general introduction to the park , its appearance at the time
of research , the movement of bus and passengers, activities there inside and
outside the bus park .
The documentary went on
in its body with the views of the
respondents in the research which
are business owners , passengers,
drivers ,security person, they describe what they do, what are the challenges
and their point of view about Nyabugogo
bus park’s role in promoting their businesses .They also pointed out the
suggestions about what should be done in order to extend the profitability of
that park.
The points which are
common for all side of respondents are that the bus park has a very
considerable positive impact on the business and on development not only in
Nyabugogo area but also on the
entire country. And suggestions about the need for rehabilitation.
Security is under wide vision company and police. Nyabugogo bus park has been given this company and police station to keep for
safety of passengers, their luggage and the safety of shops in general. The
research gave the space to the operation manager of the company to know much
about security case in Nyabugogo as a place where meet diverse people with
different behaviors.
The respondents
suggested the need for extension of the park.They disclosed themselves about
the park space which is not enough to cars. Is also another concern of the
interviewed, it is obvious that the park get smaller comparing to the cars it
accommodates . That shows the necessity to have the park extended . Said some
of the respondents
The park face the
problem of flooding in the rain season, that is the problem which need a
solution in order to protect some goods which get damaged during the flooding
period . Said some of the respondents.
All these above
challenges seem to be the obstacles to the business development, the research
included the version of authority at
district level . He was given time to talk about the history of Nyabugogo bus
park, its role ,its income to the development of the district and on country in
general .He talked about the program they have to protect and to maximize the
profitability of Nyabugogo bus park .
The documentary
concludes by the discussion about findings of the research in few words.
CHAPTER
5 GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1.
General conclusion
This study
aims to show how efficient transport system plays a considerable role in business development our research is titled “Easing business
trough efficient transport system
”The research started with explaining
how businesses are done in Nyabugogo bus park and around. The
researcher gave place to business owners and whoever
has connection with
Nyabugogo bus park .People
told why they choice
to set their business there around, they told like to
benefit from the crowd of people who are
always in the park traveling to
different regions of Rwanda even in neighboring countries.
In the chapter one the researcher gave the background of place of researching which is Nyabugogo
bus park .The description of the place
,the problematic , the hypothesis , the objectives of the study , the
significance .The research highlighted the
history of transport ,background
of the place of researching the reason
for research. The significance reflect that what the research will come up with will help in well going and improvement of business there in Nyabugogo bus park and
would sensitize people to profit the place like Nyabugogo bus park.
In chapter two, the
research talks about different studies and books with topics related to
transport .The chapter two consists of analyzing and relate
other’s work on transport issues. Many books were read by the researcher
in order to help to get relevant
orientation of the research .
The chapter three
emphasized on methodology used in the research, the research privileged techniques
of observation and interviews .
Observation was
applied on activities and movements in
Nyabugogo bus park whereas interviews applied on different people who have
direct or indirect connection
with Nyabugogo bus park like business owners ,drivers , passengers,
security board at Nyabugogo bus park .Interviews constituted the
main technique of gathering the needed data and was applied to the targeted
informants of this study .
Chapter four the main
goal in this chapter was to present ,analyze and interpret the findings
collected from the field . The analysis
and interpretation of the result
from research pointed out that business
owners benefit from the crowd of people
in Nyabugogo bus park and pointed
out some obstacles which prevent them to reach
the maximum of their benefit to
Nyabugogo bus park . The benefit
of business owners from Nyabugogo bus park is due to
some factors passengers come from different regions of the country
even from neighboring country are their prime clients they come
with different needs so they prefer to buy things in surrounding markets
of the park.
Different people
who hold commercial activities in
the province come in Kigali city to buy
different goods .This contributes
to the business development at Nyabugogo
bus park.
Though there are many
positive impact of Nyabugogo bus park on businesses there around, challenges
are so many and they jeopardize the
maximun profitability of the park.
The flood this comes
during the rain period water full the park up to some shops and damage goods
and some infrastructures. This would be caused by the bad disposition of the
park and canalization which is poor .
The traffic jams due to the big number of bus use Nyabugogo bus park occupy the second place among the main
challenges . The number of cars
expected to be hosted by Nyabugogo bus park increased up to when the park was not capable to accommodate them. This phenomena
causes Nyabugogo bus park to face a serious traffic jams especially at some
special days like on Friday and Sunday when people are coming to the week end ,
break or coming back to their jobs.
The research has
discovered and showed about the insufficient infrastructures for commercial
activities. Some people who use to sell goods in high quantity complain about
the place which is not sufficient to mean houses with have narrow spaces. All these challenges made the respondents to
suggest the extension of the park to increase its benefits.
5.2.
Recommendations
In line with the
research carried out and the
findings obtained , the researcher proposes the
following recommendations to authorities in charge of everyday activities in Nyabugogo bus park, to
business owners , passengers, drivers and security persons.
5.2.1.
To authorities in charge of activities in Nyabugogo bus park
The research has shown
challenges faced by business owners in Nyabugogo some of them are the lack of
enough infrastructure:
-Authorities in charge
of Nyabugogo bus park must solve the problem of infrastructure by building
apartment equivalent to the commercial activities applied in the park.
-The bus park face the
traffic jams due to the big number of cars , the authorities in charge of Nyabugogo bus park must do whatever
to rehabilitate by extending it.
- The canalization need
to be build to prevent the flooding of the park.
- The sensitization to
people is needed to awaken them to launch businesses which are equivalent to
what passengers always need.
5.2.2.
To business owners
- Business owners
should always think about most needed goods by different clients who are mainly
passengers that would help to provide for everyone without exception and that
is important for business progress.
- To bring innovative
things which present the particularity of
Rwanda , as the park is the arrival and departing place for people from
neighboring countries the innovative things would attract these people and buy
them.
-To open their shops
the maximum time, some shops owners close their shops early whereas passengers
who are their many clients still circulate in the park and sometimes miss what
they need.
5.2.3.
To passengers
- To be eyed when
traveling in the park, some passengers travel the park without caring about
accident that would occur .That results some accident inside the park which are sometimes avoidable whenever
passengers get careful.
-To look after their
baggage, police in charge of security in the park say that most cases that they
deal with are robberies caused by the lack of vigilance of passengers towards
their baggage.
- To be honest, some
drivers of taxis which are not in agencies say that there are some passengers
who refuse to pay the agreed amount when they reach their destination.
5.2.4.To
drivers
-To be careful when
driving in Nyabugogo bus park in order to avoid any accident.
- To respect time, some
cars ‘drivers are said to deceive passengers by not respecting time of
departing.
- To avoid high speed,
the transport system in Rwanda is marked with accidents in some roads, this
happens due to the high speed which is not usually comfortable with the size of
roads.
5.2.5.
To police
-Day after day the
number of people using Nyabugogo bus park is increasing, shops are many, these
necessitate the reinforcement of the security. Police must reinforce its
strategies to protect passengers and businesses.
REFERENCES
1.Alain Brian Ssenyonga (2010)
The Sunday time
2. Andrew
Chan Yink H. 2009
3. Bailey (1978), method and the research technique
4.Bill N., (2001) Introduction to Documentary and Representing
Reality
5.Grinnell and Williams ( 1990)
state methodology as ways of arriving
at the good data
6.HTTp://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANTRANSPORT/Resources
7.Jean-Paul R., Brian S. Claude C.,
(2009), The geography of transport systems
8.Jean-Paul R and Dr. Theo
N.(2005) The Economic Importance of
Transportation like many economic
9.John
C. Hudson (2004 ) Transportation redefines the twentieth century west
10.John G (2007) the first user of the
term documentary
12. KIHESI R.,
(2007) Society
MAGAZINE
13.MATT F. (2012) Transit
Initiatives Are Giving a Boost to Businesses
14.Megan Mc C., (2010) The
documentary “BEYOND THE MOTOR CITY ’’ published by public broadcasting service
15.Microsoft Encarta (2008 ) Dicos Encarta Microsoft corporation
16 .Peter Stein
(2011) Cars Galore
17.Robert O.,(1999);Urban Travel Demand Modeling
18.Radio Isango Star ’ Archives
2010
19.Radio Salus ‘Archives 2010
20.Sites,
http://www.forbes.com/
21.Sadik-Khan
(2012) The New York Times Fordham Road
in the Bronx
22.Thomas K., (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
23. The Plow That
Broke the Plains (1936)” influenced documentary
filmmaking
24.The world bank (2000) study on urban transportation development final
report
25.Wikipedia ,the free encyclopedia
,2010.Radio_documentary .(online )(last modified on 14 July 2010) available at
:<http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/radio_documentary>
26.William R. Gillis,
(1994)Transportation System Improvements To New Business Development In Eastern
27.WWW.demography year book 2005
28.Yvan C.1989
APPENDICES
THE
AUDIO DOCUMENTARY SCRIPT
Ambient
sound intro classical music
This is the documentary
done on Nyabugogo bus park .Is titled
Easing business through efficient transport system . It is an academic
work done by Joachim
NKURIKIYUMUKIZA a 4th year
communication student in National
University of Rwanda .
This documentary is
made by four main parts. The first is the introduction to Rwanda transport system in general. The
second is the presentation of views of interviewed :This part includes
testimonies of shop keepers , business
owners and other activities in Nyabugogo
bus park about the benefit of the park
to their activities and the challenges
faced .
The third part, is
point of view of authorities. Like the operating manager of wide vision company
in charge of security and cleanness along with authority at district level in
charge of urban planning.The fourth which is the last part of the documentary is the conclusion.
Music
Hello,
welcome to the documentary.
The transport system in
Rwanda is an important sector , it is built
by different types of transports to mean air transport(using plane)
mostly done between Rwanda and other
countries . maritime transport done in
lakes like Kivu and terrestrial
transport system(using cars ) this is more applied in Rwanda and this kind of
transport is the focus of our documentary .
How is the transport
system in Rwanda? The transport system in Rwanda is a huge sector which
contributes to the development of the country. In Rwanda , the transport system
is dominated by transport companies or transport agencies, connecting
four direction of the country North, to the South , East to the West and
beyond .
The effectiveness of the transport system in
Rwanda is noticeable through different domains
mainly the transport companies which are now about 25.
The government is always setting up different
strategies to assure the efficient transport system. Some measures were taken.
Among the strategies taken is to bring together all transport agencies’ buses
which were in Kigali city center known as Rubangura place to Nyabugogo bus park.
Some people say that
the measure made Nyabugogo bus park to be more beneficial to their business
nearby the park.
Clip
Intro1 of respondents talking about the benefit of Nyabugogo bus park
However, some
difficulties are still there. Challenges are always appearing like floods and low
ability of the park to accommodate big number of buses that causes traffic jam.
Clip
Intro2 ambient sound of traffic jams in Nyabugogo
Even some authorities
see above challenges as the shop owners and other business holders do.
Clip
Intro 3 Rubangisa authority with responsibility over Nyabugogo bus park
Music
Ambient sounds
In this documentary .We
are going to look into business
activities in Nyabugogo bus park. we are
going to focus on business owners in Nyabugogo bus park . we will talk to
drivers, passengers and others with
connection from Nyabugogo bus park .
We will look at
challenges found in everyday’s business activities and talk to authority to
know the importance of Nyabugogo to the development of the
district and what is done to solve
challenges cited above .
Throughout this
documentary, you will get to know far what
beneficial is to set business activities in the place like Nyabugogo bus park
.How people who have already launched their business succeed.
Welcome again to the
Documentary!
Music
Ambient sound: End of Music
New
ambient sounds of Nyabugogo bus park
It’s half past ten of the morning, I am at
Nyabugogo bus park . The place is very crowded. The people are in hurry,
some are getting in buses whereas others getting out of buses and hurry to their
respective directions . Some take buses which are leading to different parts of the city
like Kimisagara , Remera , Gikondo ,
Kimironko and Gisozi . Really it shows that each and everyone has his particular
direction. On the other hand there are passengers who are hurrying to shops ,
other carry the luggage from shops around the park to transport agencies .I approached one of them his name is Kabera Eric , a passenger from Gicumbi .He is
a Trader in his local market of Gicumbi
.He uses to buy goods mainly food
rice , sugars , flour at Kigali
especially in Nyabugogo .He tries to
give us an image of Nyabugogo bus park,
the challenges and his suggestions.
Clip
passenger Kabera ERIC
Kabera ERIC shares his
reason to come to Kigali with many other
passengers. That shows how the going and coming of passengers means a lot to
business development in Nyabugogo bus park and there around . Business owners in Nyabugogo bus park are
the ones to testify more about the passengers ‘meaning to their everyday
business. Even people who come to Kigali for other activities, it is usual that
they buy various things in Nyabugogo
shops . Ntawuronka Theoneste sells clothes and shoes he says that these
passengers are their prime clients. They buy things before their departure or
after their arrival in Kigali.
Clip
of NTAWURONKA THEO
The success of business
in Nyabugogo bus park, seems to have a wide connection with the crowd of
passengers, drivers and many more people
who use the park . This hypothesis made me
to go in deep by asking
other people hold business
activities around Nyabugogo to know much
about the feasibility of the business in Nyabugogo bus park .It is also in the
context to know if NTAWURONKA THEONESTE shares the same business situation with others .
Now the conversation with
other business activities concerns about
:why they preferred to set their business
in Nyabugogo bus park . And who are their main clients.
Mufora Hamadi
the owner of mini –market with foods and soft drinks, Francois and Nahimana Christo Benjamin
owners of phone shop. Decided to start their activities
in Nyabugogo because they think that the place where are many people are likely
to have more clients.
Clip:
Mufora+ Kizito+ Francois
Short
piece of Music Ambient sound
NYABUGOGO
BUS PARK AFTER THE SHIFT OF ALL TRANSPORT COMPANIES FROM KIGALI CITY CENTER.
The current Historical background of Nyabugogo bus park shows that
it was rehabilitated in order to
accommodate transport agencies which had been working
at Kigali city centre known as Rubangura place .This is the decision
taken as one of the strategies towards
an efficient transport system in Kigali
city . The shift of these cars affected business owners at Kigali centre because
the owners of commercial activities at Kigali centre lost passengers who were
their prime clients . On the other side
the people with activities around Nyabugogo bus park , benefited the shift of these transport agencies . Nowadays those who
hold business in Nyabugogo bus park are
talking about the profit from
this shift .
How did owners of businesses in Nyabugogo bus park benefit
from the shift ? To answer to this question, I have talked to some of
the owners of businesses in Nyabugogo .
Nkurunziza Baraka the shoes ‘shop owner , Havugimana Jean Bosco owner of bags’shop
and Maniraguha Olivier airtime
seller, said that the shift of buses from Kigali centre to Nyabugogo bus park near their shops increased their income , in other words the clients got increased
.
Clip
Baraka+ Maniraguha Olivier + Havugimana Jean bosco
The shift of buses , is
the transport system initiated by Rwandan government in collaboration with Rwanda Utility
Regulatory Agency known as RURA .Really the system seems to be efficient and
productive to the people . Young
entrepreneurs were not let behind. For them, they profited the shift of transport agencies from Kigali city centre to Nyabugogo
bus park to launch businesses .
Byukusenge Odille a girl with 22 years old she
sells MTN airtime in Nyabugogo bus park .She says that in case of many passengers she gets 3000
Rwandan francs per day .Whatever the case she can’t earn less than 1000
Rwandan francs per day . She is proud of her job and she is comfortable with
the money she earns per day. She is inviting other young to think about what to
do in order to get money to help themselves and their family.
Clip
Byukusenge Odilla
When you listen to testimonies
from some young people , you may think that is not possible. But when
you keep on watching the movement of the
passengers who are the main clients of different businesses set up in Nyabugogo
, you
start believing what you are told
.
Jean Paul Rwigema is a
barber, he operates from Nyabugogo hair
salon .He says that he earns between
5000 and 10000 Rwandan Francs per day.This income is quite extraordinary and it requires much
efforts .
Clip
Jean Paul Rwigema
CHALLENGES
FACED IN EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES IN NYABUGOGO BUS PARK AND WISHES OF INTERVIEWED.
Though almost all the
people I talked with, especially business owners nearby Nyabugogo bus park said about the benefit of the park to their businesses. Some
drivers who used to park in Nyabugogo
before the shift of buses from Kigali centre to Nyabugogo bus park , said
that the shift had affected their income because
passengers prefer to travel by transport agencies which are
more comfortable.
Rwigaba Sam and
Nicola are drivers they are
talking about the role of Nyabugogo to their job. It easily connect them with
passengers, but always the agencies have caused a decrease in the number
of passengers to their small taxis .
Clip
Rwigaba Sam + Nicolas
Nyabugogo bus park is the arrival and departure place of
more than 25 transport
agencies working in provinces and the neighboring countries
.These transport agencies are like Gaga coach
(Kigali-bujumbura ) and Jaguar
(kampala- Kigali)
Music
Clip of ambient sound
Apparently the park is
progressively getting incapable to accommodate such a big number of buses. This
is easy to notice on special time like at the beginning or at the end of
week-end. The time on which many people travel to their families for break or to their respective place of working
.
Here is on Friday it is
around a quarter to seven evening buses are arriving at Kigali
carrying passengers from provinces, they come
for week-end. At the same time
the huge number of buses is departing to different directions of the country they
carry passengers who go to their home for the week-end.
Clip
of Traffic jams police whistling
This is how the
situation is. It is such a traffic jam, it is hard for cars to move, there
are a quite crowd of passengers and many buses .Some drivers prefer to stop their
buses about 10 minutes to wait for buses in front to get into main road, the
action which is difficult due to the big number of cars coming from Kigali
center to different part of the city .
This situation is also
being suspected by some business owners in Nyabugogo bus park.They say that there
are no appropriate building for commercial activities.
Clip
Aimable’s wishes
The rainy period comes
with disasters to the park. It causes floods, this shows the necessity for the new construction plan of
the park .
Clip
wishes towards the solution of floods
After suggestions of
the people I talked with, the
challenges and their wishes, I talked to authorities to know their views
about Nyabugogo bus park and what they expect to do . Rubangisa Rwigema is operation manager of the wide company vision in charge of
security and cleanness in the
park .He is talking about how they guarantee the security in the park .
Clip
: Rubangisa talking on security
The low capacity of Nyabugogo
bus park to accommodate the big number
of buses was the main issue for
the people we talked with. How do the authorities see this issue ? what
do they do to solve some problems
resulted by this insufficiency of the
space ? Rubangisa Rwigema continues
Clip:
Rubangisa talking on capacity of the park
Nkurunziza Alex is the authority in charge of
the Rural planning in Nyarugenge district. He says that all problems concerning the park, are taken
into consideration and some of the solution envisaged is to look for another
place where the half of agencies would park since it is hard to get a
wide place to accommodate the entire cars entering in Kigali . And they
are encouraging people to invest in
building modern houses nearby the park to promote commercial sector.
Music
As shown by interviewed
business owners in Nyabugogo bus park, their businesses or activities benefit a lot
from the crowd of Nyabugogo bus park’s passengers with different origin
, different destination , different purposes , and different needs .
Music
Narrator
Dear listeners, that is
how transport system is contributing to the business development in Nyabugogo
and in the country in general .you’ve heard
the benefits of the shop owners in the research , you’ve heard
also some challenges they are facing , and their
suggestions.
Referring to the success of the businesses
being carried out because of
Nyabugogo bus park, the authorities
in charge of this park must do their efforts to solve
problems like floods, small park
that result traffic jam and insufficient places for commercial
activities. all these highlighted problems seem to be obstacles which hinder the maximum
profitability of the park.
Music
This is the end of our
documentary easing business through efficient transport system.
Ending
with music
LIST
OF QUESTIONS ASKED TO THE RESPONDANTS REFERRING TO THEIR RESPECTIVE CONNECTION FROM THE PARK .
A.
To shop owners:
1. What is your names
please? what kind of business activities
do you hold here ?
2. How long have you
been working here?
3. How do you see the movement of people in
Nyabugogo bus park ?
4. What is the impact
of this taxi park on your activities ?
5. Why did you prefer
to set your business in Nyabugogo bus
park ? can you tell why you preferred Nyabugogo rather than other place?
6. How do you compare
the time when Nyabugogo bus park was not there and today Nyabugogo as a main
bus park is there ?
7. How do you value the
diversities of many passengers here at Nyabugogo?
8.Who are your main
clients ?
9 .What are your
favorites time? Can you tell me the time you get many clients and why ?
10. What exactly the
place of passengers in promotion of your
business ?
11.Is there any
negative effects of the crowd on your activities?
12 .What are challenges
do you face ?
B.
To passengers
1. Hi! What is your name please?
2. What is your
destination?
3. Do you use to carry
something bought in Kigali to your home ?
4. If yes, where do you
buy them? if not why?
5. How worthy are
Nyabugogo’shops in providing your needed things?
6. Do you easily get
everything you want in Nyabugogo?
7. What is about
traveling service at Kigali and in Rwanda
in general ? is it ease to get a bus ?
8. What is your point
of view about this transport system in business development?
9. How worthy do you
think Nyabugogo bus park is?
10 .On your view, what
could be done to uplift the production of Nyabugogo bus park?
C.
To drivers
1. What is your name ?
2. What do you do here
in Nyabugogo bus park ?
3. Can you give me the
image of your job in Nyabugogo bus park ?
4. How worthy is
Nyabugogo bus park to your job?
5. Is it easy to carry
out your task in Nyabugogo bus park ? is it productive?
6. What is the origin of passengers you do carry?
7. Do the passengers
travel with luggage?
8. Where do they buy
things in the luggage ? in Nyabugogo bus
park ? else where ?
9. What kind of things do they like to buy from
this bus park ?
10. What is about
traveling cost ?
11. If you watch the
movement of passengers in
Nyabugogo bus park what do you think it benefits
to business development around this
bus park ?
